Abstract

Nairobi Sheep Disease virus (NSDv) is a zoonotic and tick-borne disease that can cause over 90% mortality in small ruminants. NSDv has historically circulated in Africa and Asia and belongs to the Nairovirus genus (Bunyaviridae family), closely related to Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. This study presents a systematic review of NSDv epidemiology and an ecological niche model to identify areas suitable for NSDv circulation globally. Results showed that NSDv has the capacity to spread beyond its current range, with suitable habitat identified in parts of South America, southern Europe, and South Asia. Key environmental drivers of NSDv distribution include temperature, precipitation, and the presence of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. The identification of these risk areas provides a basis for proactive surveillance and preparedness in countries currently free of NSDv, particularly in the context of globalized livestock trade and changing climate conditions.